JavaScript Tutorials

JavaScript - Encapsulation

Encapsulation in JavaScript

Object-oriented programming's fundamental idea of encapsulation is tying together the methods (functions) that manipulate the data and the data itself, as well as limiting access to certain object components. It acts as a safeguard, preventing the code from accessing the data outside of this barrier.

Information Hiding: Encapsulation is frequently used to conceal from the outside world an object's internal state. This is often accomplished by using access modifiers, which regulate where and how a class's characteristics can be accessed or changed.

Controlled Access: A class can manage what happens to its internal state by offering methods to change or access the values of secret data. The consistency and integrity of the data that is saved are preserved in part by this limited access.

Decrease Complexity: By severing the components from one another, encapsulation helps to decrease system complexity and boost resilience.

Code

class Car {
    constructor(model, year) {
        this.model = model;
        this.year = year;
        let mileage = 0; // Private variable, not accessible outside the class

        this.addMiles = function(kms) {
            mileage += kms;
            console.log(`New mileage: ${mileage}`);
        };
    }

    displayInfo() {
        console.log(`Model: ${this.model}, Year: ${this.year}`);
    }
}

let myCar = new Car("Toyota Camry", 2021);
myCar.displayInfo();  // Outputs: Model: Toyota Camry, Year: 2021
myCar.addMiles(150);  // Outputs: New mileage: 150
// console.log(myCar.mileage);  // Error: mileage is not accessible

Model, year, and private variable mileage that is inaccessible from outside the class are all contained within the Car class.

Controlled access to these characteristics is made possible by methods like displayInfo and addMiles, which protect the integrity of the data.

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JavaScript

Beginner 5 Hours

Encapsulation in JavaScript

Object-oriented programming's fundamental idea of encapsulation is tying together the methods (functions) that manipulate the data and the data itself, as well as limiting access to certain object components. It acts as a safeguard, preventing the code from accessing the data outside of this barrier.

Information Hiding: Encapsulation is frequently used to conceal from the outside world an object's internal state. This is often accomplished by using access modifiers, which regulate where and how a class's characteristics can be accessed or changed.

Controlled Access: A class can manage what happens to its internal state by offering methods to change or access the values of secret data. The consistency and integrity of the data that is saved are preserved in part by this limited access.

Decrease Complexity: By severing the components from one another, encapsulation helps to decrease system complexity and boost resilience.

Code

class Car {
    constructor(model, year) {
        this.model = model;
        this.year = year;
        let mileage = 0; // Private variable, not accessible outside the class

        this.addMiles = function(kms) {
            mileage += kms;
            console.log(`New mileage: ${mileage}`);
        };
    }

    displayInfo() {
        console.log(`Model: ${this.model}, Year: ${this.year}`);
    }
}

let myCar = new Car("Toyota Camry", 2021);
myCar.displayInfo();  // Outputs: Model: Toyota Camry, Year: 2021
myCar.addMiles(150);  // Outputs: New mileage: 150
// console.log(myCar.mileage);  // Error: mileage is not accessible

Model, year, and private variable mileage that is inaccessible from outside the class are all contained within the Car class.

Controlled access to these characteristics is made possible by methods like displayInfo and addMiles, which protect the integrity of the data.

Related Tutorials

Frequently Asked Questions for JavaScript

JavaScript is a high-level, interpreted programming language primarily used for creating interactive and dynamic content on web pages. It enables developers to implement complex features such as real-time updates, interactive forms, and animations.

In JavaScript:

Synchronous programming executes code sequentially, blocking subsequent operations until the current one completes.
Asynchronous programming allows code to execute **non-sequentially

You can debug JavaScript using browser developer tools, the **console.log()** method, and breakpoints in Chrome/Firefox. Tools like VSCode, Chrome DevTools, and debuggers help trace and fix issues.

A JavaScript array is a special variable that can hold multiple values. Common methods include .push(), .pop(), .shift(), .unshift(), .map(), .filter(), and .reduce().

A promise in JavaScript is an object representing the eventual completion or failure of an asynchronous operation. It allows you to associate handlers with an asynchronous action's eventual success value or failure reason.

In JavaScript DOM events, event bubbling means the event propagates from the target element up to the root. Event capturing is the opposite, where the event travels from root to target.

In JavaScript:

**setTimeout()** executes a function once after a specified delay.
**setInterval()** executes a function repeatedly, with a fixed time delay between each call.

Event delegation is a technique in JavaScript where a parent element handles events for its child elements, utilizing the concept of event bubbling to manage events more efficiently.

The **this** keyword in JavaScript refers to the object from which it was called. Its value changes depending on the execution context (e.g., in a method, constructor, or global scope).

Both are part of the Web Storage API in JavaScript:

**localStorage** stores data with no expiration time.
**sessionStorage** stores data for the duration of the page session.

A shallow copy duplicates only the first level of an object, while a deep copy duplicates all nested levels, ensuring that modifying the copy doesn’t affect the original.

Prototypal inheritance allows JavaScript objects to inherit properties and methods from other objects using the prototype chain, enabling code reuse and OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) patterns.

An arrow function (=>) is a shorter syntax for writing functions in JavaScript. It does not bind its own this, making it ideal for callbacks and functional programming.

All three methods are used to change the context of **this** in JavaScript functions:

**call()** invokes a function with arguments individually.
**apply()** accepts arguments as an array.
**bind()** returns a new function with a fixed **this** context.

Template literals (using backticks `) in JavaScript allow for string interpolation, multi-line strings, and embedded expressions using ${} syntax.

The DOM is a programming interface for HTML and XML documents. It represents the document as a tree of nodes, allowing JavaScript to manipulate the content and structure of web pages dynamically.

Hoisting is a JavaScript mechanism where variables and function declarations are moved to the top of their containing scope during the compile phase, allowing code to use functions and variables before they are declared.

In JavaScript, a function is a block of code designed to perform a particular task. Functions are executed when they are invoked (called).

In JavaScript:

Function Declarations: Defined with the function keyword followed by the function name and are hoisted, meaning they can be called before their declaration in the code.​
Function Expressions: Defined by assigning a function to a variable and are not hoisted, so they cannot be called before their definition.

The **isNaN()** function in JavaScript determines whether a value is NaN (Not-a-Number). It returns true if the value is NaN, and false otherwise.

A closure in JavaScript is a function that retains access to its lexical scope, even when the function is executed outside that scope. This allows functions to maintain access to variables from their containing function.

In JavaScript:

var is function-scoped and can be redeclared and reassigned.​
let is block-scoped and can be reassigned but not redeclared in the same scope.​
const is block-scoped, cannot be reassigned, and must be initialized during declaration.

In JavaScript:

**null** is an assignment value that represents no value or no object.
**undefined** means a variable has been declared but has not yet been assigned a value.

In JavaScript:

== performs loose equality comparison, converting operands to the same type before comparison.​
=== performs strict equality comparison, considering both value and type.

JavaScript supports various data types, including:

Primitive Types: Number, String, Boolean, Undefined, Null, Symbol, BigInt.​
Reference Types: Object, Array, Function. 

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