JavaScript Tutorials

JavaScript - Behavior-Driven Development (BDD)

Behavior-Driven Development (BDD)

Behavior Driven Development (BDD) extends TDD by emphasizing collaboration among stakeholders. BDD aims at achieving an understanding of desired software behavior through discussions, with stakeholders and highlighting application behavior for end users.

1. Language: BDD often involves using language shared among developers, testers, and non-technical participants like business analysts to ensure everyone comprehends the software's expected functionality.

2. User-Centric Approach: BDD tests focus more on user experience. Are designed from the user's standpoint.

Of focusing on the app's structure decisions are made based on how the app should act in different situations. In terms of tools and methods, BDD uses software, like Cucumber, SpecFlow, and Behat that facilitate creating language specifications. These tools enable scenarios to be written as user stories detailing the use cases of the app.

Code: when working on a login feature using BDD you would typically begin with a user story or scenario:
 

SQL

Feature: Login

  Scenario: User logs in with valid credentials
    Given the user has navigated to the login page
    When the user inputs a valid username and password
    Then the user is redirected to the homepage

The feature file explains what the feature entails while the scenario outlines the expected behavior, in a situation. The steps (Given When Then) are crafted in a manner that allows them to be automated through BDD tools.

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JavaScript

Beginner 5 Hours

Behavior-Driven Development (BDD)

Behavior Driven Development (BDD) extends TDD by emphasizing collaboration among stakeholders. BDD aims at achieving an understanding of desired software behavior through discussions, with stakeholders and highlighting application behavior for end users.

1. Language: BDD often involves using language shared among developers, testers, and non-technical participants like business analysts to ensure everyone comprehends the software's expected functionality.

2. User-Centric Approach: BDD tests focus more on user experience. Are designed from the user's standpoint.

Of focusing on the app's structure decisions are made based on how the app should act in different situations. In terms of tools and methods, BDD uses software, like Cucumber, SpecFlow, and Behat that facilitate creating language specifications. These tools enable scenarios to be written as user stories detailing the use cases of the app.

Code: when working on a login feature using BDD you would typically begin with a user story or scenario:
 

SQL

Feature: Login

  Scenario: User logs in with valid credentials
    Given the user has navigated to the login page
    When the user inputs a valid username and password
    Then the user is redirected to the homepage

The feature file explains what the feature entails while the scenario outlines the expected behavior, in a situation. The steps (Given When Then) are crafted in a manner that allows them to be automated through BDD tools.

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Frequently Asked Questions for JavaScript

JavaScript is a high-level, interpreted programming language primarily used for creating interactive and dynamic content on web pages. It enables developers to implement complex features such as real-time updates, interactive forms, and animations.

In JavaScript:

Synchronous programming executes code sequentially, blocking subsequent operations until the current one completes.
Asynchronous programming allows code to execute **non-sequentially

You can debug JavaScript using browser developer tools, the **console.log()** method, and breakpoints in Chrome/Firefox. Tools like VSCode, Chrome DevTools, and debuggers help trace and fix issues.

A JavaScript array is a special variable that can hold multiple values. Common methods include .push(), .pop(), .shift(), .unshift(), .map(), .filter(), and .reduce().

A promise in JavaScript is an object representing the eventual completion or failure of an asynchronous operation. It allows you to associate handlers with an asynchronous action's eventual success value or failure reason.

In JavaScript DOM events, event bubbling means the event propagates from the target element up to the root. Event capturing is the opposite, where the event travels from root to target.

In JavaScript:

**setTimeout()** executes a function once after a specified delay.
**setInterval()** executes a function repeatedly, with a fixed time delay between each call.

Event delegation is a technique in JavaScript where a parent element handles events for its child elements, utilizing the concept of event bubbling to manage events more efficiently.

The **this** keyword in JavaScript refers to the object from which it was called. Its value changes depending on the execution context (e.g., in a method, constructor, or global scope).

Both are part of the Web Storage API in JavaScript:

**localStorage** stores data with no expiration time.
**sessionStorage** stores data for the duration of the page session.

A shallow copy duplicates only the first level of an object, while a deep copy duplicates all nested levels, ensuring that modifying the copy doesn’t affect the original.

Prototypal inheritance allows JavaScript objects to inherit properties and methods from other objects using the prototype chain, enabling code reuse and OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) patterns.

An arrow function (=>) is a shorter syntax for writing functions in JavaScript. It does not bind its own this, making it ideal for callbacks and functional programming.

All three methods are used to change the context of **this** in JavaScript functions:

**call()** invokes a function with arguments individually.
**apply()** accepts arguments as an array.
**bind()** returns a new function with a fixed **this** context.

Template literals (using backticks `) in JavaScript allow for string interpolation, multi-line strings, and embedded expressions using ${} syntax.

The DOM is a programming interface for HTML and XML documents. It represents the document as a tree of nodes, allowing JavaScript to manipulate the content and structure of web pages dynamically.

Hoisting is a JavaScript mechanism where variables and function declarations are moved to the top of their containing scope during the compile phase, allowing code to use functions and variables before they are declared.

In JavaScript, a function is a block of code designed to perform a particular task. Functions are executed when they are invoked (called).

In JavaScript:

Function Declarations: Defined with the function keyword followed by the function name and are hoisted, meaning they can be called before their declaration in the code.​
Function Expressions: Defined by assigning a function to a variable and are not hoisted, so they cannot be called before their definition.

The **isNaN()** function in JavaScript determines whether a value is NaN (Not-a-Number). It returns true if the value is NaN, and false otherwise.

A closure in JavaScript is a function that retains access to its lexical scope, even when the function is executed outside that scope. This allows functions to maintain access to variables from their containing function.

In JavaScript:

var is function-scoped and can be redeclared and reassigned.​
let is block-scoped and can be reassigned but not redeclared in the same scope.​
const is block-scoped, cannot be reassigned, and must be initialized during declaration.

In JavaScript:

**null** is an assignment value that represents no value or no object.
**undefined** means a variable has been declared but has not yet been assigned a value.

In JavaScript:

== performs loose equality comparison, converting operands to the same type before comparison.​
=== performs strict equality comparison, considering both value and type.

JavaScript supports various data types, including:

Primitive Types: Number, String, Boolean, Undefined, Null, Symbol, BigInt.​
Reference Types: Object, Array, Function. 

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