- Introduction to Excel Formulas
- Excel - What are Excel Formulas?
- Excel - Understanding Formula Syntax and Operators
- Basic Formulas
- Excel - Basic Arithmetic Formulas
- Excel - Basic Statistical Functions
- Excel - Text Functions
- Excel - Logical Functions
- Excel - Lookup and Reference Functions
- Excel - Date and Time Functions
- Excel - Mathematical Functions
- Excel - Array Formulas and Functions
- Excel - Error Handling Functions
- Excel - Information Functions
- Excel - Database Functions
- Excel - Engineering Functions
- Excel - Formulas on String and range
- Excel - Math and Trigonometry
- Excel - Cube Functions
- Excel - Web Functions
- Advanced Excel Formula Techniques
- Excel - Nested IF statements
- Excel - Array formulas
- Excel - Dynamic Array Formulas
- Excel - Using Named Ranges in Formulas
- Excel - Combining INDEX, MATCH, and INDIRECT
- Excel - Creating Custom Functions using LAMBDA
- Excel - Financial Function
- Power Functions (Power Query & Power Pivot)
- Excel - M Language in Power Query
- Excel - DAX Functions in Power Pivot
- Excel - Conclusion
Excel - Math and Trigonometry
Excel Mathematical and Trigonometric Functions
ABS
Returns the absolute value of a number. Removes any negative sign.
Syntax:
=ABS(number)
Example:
=ABS(-10) → 10
ACOS
Returns the arccosine (inverse cosine) of a number in radians. Input must be between -1 and 1.
Syntax:
=ACOS(number)
Example:
=ACOS(0.5) → 1.0472
ACOSH
Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number. Input must be greater than or equal to 1.
Syntax:
=ACOSH(number)
Example:
=ACOSH(10) → 2.9932
ASIN
Returns the arcsine (inverse sine) of a number in radians. Input must be between -1 and 1.
Syntax:
=ASIN(number)
Example:
=ASIN(1) → 1.5708
ASINH
Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number.
Syntax:
=ASINH(number)
Example:
=ASINH(1) → 0.8814
ATAN
Returns the arctangent (inverse tangent) of a number in radians.
Syntax:
=ATAN(number)
Example:
=ATAN(1) → 0.7854
ATAN2
Returns the arctangent of the quotient of two numbers in radians. Used for converting x and y coordinates to an angle.
Syntax:
=ATAN2(x_num, y_num)
Example:
=ATAN2(1, 1) → 0.7854
ATANH
Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number. Input must be between -1 and 1 (exclusive).
Syntax:
=ATANH(number)
Example:
=ATANH(0.5) → 0.5493
CEILING
Rounds a number up, away from zero, to the nearest multiple of significance.
Syntax:
=CEILING(number, significance)
Example:
=CEILING(4.3, 1) → 5
CEILING.MATH
Rounds a number up to the nearest integer or multiple of significance. Behavior depends on sign and optional mode.
Syntax:
=CEILING.MATH(number, [significance], [mode])
Example:
=CEILING.MATH(-4.3) → -4
CEILING.PRECISE
Rounds a number up to the nearest multiple of significance. Always rounds away from zero.
Syntax:
=CEILING.PRECISE(number, [significance])
Example:
=CEILING.PRECISE(-4.3, 1) → -4
COMBIN
Description:
Returns the number of combinations for a given number of items without repetitions.
Syntax:
COMBIN(number, number_chosen)
Example:
COMBIN(10, 3) returns 120
COMBINA
Description:
Returns the number of combinations for a given number of items with repetitions.
Syntax:
COMBINA(number, number_chosen)
Example:
COMBINA(10, 3) returns 220
COS
Description:
Returns the cosine of a number. The number is in radians.
Syntax:
COS(number)
Example:
COS(PI()/3) returns 0.5
COSH
Description:
Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number.
Syntax:
COSH(number)
Example:
COSH(1) returns 1.5430806348
COT
Description:
Returns the cotangent of a number in radians.
Syntax:
COT(number)
Example:
COT(PI()/4) returns 1
COTH
Description:
Returns the hyperbolic cotangent of a number.
Syntax:
COTH(number)
Example:
COTH(2) returns 1.03731472073
DEGREES
Description:
Converts radians into degrees.
Syntax:
DEGREES(angle)
Example:
DEGREES(PI()) returns 180
EVEN
Description:
Rounds a number up to the nearest even integer.
Syntax:
EVEN(number)
Example:
EVEN(3.2) returns 4
EXP
Description:
Returns e raised to the power of a given number.
Syntax:
EXP(number)
Example:
EXP(1) returns 2.718281828
FACT
Description:
Returns the factorial of a number.
Syntax:
FACT(number)
Example:
FACT(5) returns 120
GCD
Description:
Returns the greatest common divisor of two or more integers.
Syntax:
GCD(number1, [number2], ...)
Example:
GCD(24, 36) returns 12
INT
Description:
Rounds a number down to the nearest integer.
Syntax:
INT(number)
Example:
INT(5.9) returns 5
LCM
Description:
Returns the least common multiple of two or more numbers.
Syntax:
LCM(number1, [number2], ...)
Example:
LCM(4, 6) returns 12
LN
Description:
Returns the natural logarithm of a number (base e).
Syntax:
LN(number)
Example:
LN(2.718281828) returns 1
LOG
Description:
Returns the logarithm of a number to a specified base.
Syntax:
LOG(number, [base])
Example:
LOG(100, 10) returns 2
LOG10
Description:
Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number.
Syntax:
LOG10(number)
Example:
LOG10(1000) returns 3
MOD
Description:
Returns the remainder after a number is divided by a divisor.
Syntax:
MOD(number, divisor)
Example:
MOD(10, 3) returns 1
MROUND
Description:
Returns a number rounded to the nearest multiple of a specified value.
Syntax:
MROUND(number, multiple)
Example:
MROUND(17, 4) returns 16
MULTINOMIAL
Description:
Returns the multinomial of a set of numbers.
Syntax:
MULTINOMIAL(number1, [number2], ...)
Example:
MULTINOMIAL(2, 3, 4) returns 1260
ODD
Description:
Rounds a number up to the nearest odd integer.
Syntax:
ODD(number)
Example:
ODD(4.5) returns 5
PI
Description:
Returns the value of pi (approximately 3.14159).
Syntax:
PI()
Example:
PI() returns 3.141592654
POWER
Description:
Returns the result of a number raised to a power.
Syntax:
POWER(number, power)
Example:
POWER(5, 2) returns 25
PRODUCT
Description:
Multiplies all the numbers given as arguments and returns the product.
Syntax:
PRODUCT(number1, [number2], ...)
Example:
PRODUCT(2, 3, 4) returns 24
QUOTIENT
Description:
Returns the integer portion of a division between two numbers.
Syntax:
QUOTIENT(numerator, denominator)
Example:
QUOTIENT(10, 3) returns 3
RADIANS
Description:
Converts degrees into radians.
Syntax:
RADIANS(angle)
Example:
RADIANS(180) returns 3.141592654
RAND
Description:
Returns a random number between 0 and 1.
Syntax:
RAND()
Example:
RAND() might return 0.54783
RANDBETWEEN
Description:
Returns a random integer between the specified bottom and top values.
Syntax:
RANDBETWEEN(bottom, top)
Example:
RANDBETWEEN(1, 100) returns a random whole number between 1 and 100
ROMAN
Description:
Converts an Arabic number to Roman numeral text.
Syntax:
ROMAN(number, [form])
Example:
ROMAN(2024) returns MMXXIV
ROUND
Description:
Rounds a number to a specified number of digits.
Syntax:
ROUND(number, num_digits)
Example:
ROUND(3.14159, 2) returns 3.14
ROUNDDOWN
Description:
Rounds a number down, toward zero.
Syntax:
ROUNDDOWN(number, num_digits)
Example:
ROUNDDOWN(3.14159, 2) returns 3.14
ROUNDUP
Description:
Rounds a number up, away from zero.
Syntax:
ROUNDUP(number, num_digits)
Example:
ROUNDUP(3.14159, 2) returns 3.15
SEC
Description:
Returns the secant of an angle specified in radians.
Syntax:
SEC(number)
Example:
SEC(PI()/4) returns 1.414213562
SECH
Description:
Returns the hyperbolic secant of a number.
Syntax:
SECH(number)
Example:
SECH(1) returns 0.6480542737
SIGN
Description:
Returns the sign of a number: 1 for positive, 0 for zero, and -1 for negative numbers.
Syntax:
SIGN(number)
Example:
SIGN(-45) returns -1
SIN
Description:
Returns the sine of the given angle in radians.
Syntax:
SIN(number)
Example:
SIN(PI()/2) returns 1
SINH
Description:
Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number.
Syntax:
SINH(number)
Example:
SINH(1) returns 1.175201194
SQRT
Description:
Returns the square root of a number.
Syntax:
SQRT(number)
Example:
SQRT(25) returns 5
SQRTPI
Description:
Returns the square root of (number * pi).
Syntax:
SQRTPI(number)
Example:
SQRTPI(2) returns 2.506628275
SUM
Description:
Adds all the numbers in a range or list of arguments.
Syntax:
SUM(number1, [number2], ...)
Example:
SUM(10, 20, 30) returns 60
SUMIF
Description:
Adds the cells specified by a given condition or criteria.
Syntax:
SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range])
Example:
SUMIF(A1:A5, ">50") returns the sum of values greater than 50
SUMIFS
Description:
Adds the cells in a range that meet multiple criteria.
Syntax:
SUMIFS(sum_range, criteria_range1, criteria1, ...)
Example:
SUMIFS(B1:B5, A1:A5, ">50", C1:C5, "Completed")
SUMPRODUCT
Description:
Returns the sum of the products of corresponding ranges or arrays.
Syntax:
SUMPRODUCT(array1, [array2], ...)
Example:
SUMPRODUCT({1,2,3}, {4,5,6}) returns 32
SUMSQ
Description:
Returns the sum of the squares of the arguments.
Syntax:
SUMSQ(number1, [number2], ...)
Example:
SUMSQ(2, 3) returns 13 (2² + 3²)
SUMX2MY2
Description:
Returns the sum of the difference of squares: ∑(x² - y²).
Syntax:
SUMX2MY2(array_x, array_y)
Example:
SUMX2MY2({2,3}, {1,1}) returns 11
SUMX2PY2
Description:
Returns the sum of the sum of squares: ∑(x² + y²).
Syntax:
SUMX2PY2(array_x, array_y)
Example:
SUMX2PY2({2,3}, {1,1}) returns 15
SUMXMY2
Description:
Returns the sum of the squares of differences: ∑(x - y)².
Syntax:
SUMXMY2(array_x, array_y)
Example:
SUMXMY2({2,3}, {1,1}) returns 3
TAN
Description:
Returns the tangent of a number in radians.
Syntax:
TAN(number)
Example:
TAN(PI()/4) returns 1
TANH
Description:
Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number.
Syntax:
TANH(number)
Example:
TANH(1) returns 0.761594156
TRUNC
Description:
Truncates a number to an integer by removing the fractional part.
Syntax:
TRUNC(number, [num_digits])
Example:
TRUNC(4.567, 1) returns 4.5
