Challenges include:

• Handling dynamic content.
• Managing browser compatibility.
• Complex setup for parallel execution.
• Limited support for desktop and mobile applications.

Selenium WebDriver is a browser automation framework that provides APIs to interact with web applications. It supports dynamic web pages and multiple browsers, making it suitable for modern web automation testing.

Common Selenium exceptions include:

• NoSuchElementException
• TimeoutException
• ElementNotInteractableException

The main components of Selenium are:

• Selenium WebDriver: For browser automation.
• Selenium IDE: A record-and-playback tool.
• Selenium Grid: For parallel execution of tests across multiple machines.

Desired capabilities are key-value pairs used to define browser-specific properties (e.g., browser name, version) for customizing the test environment.

• Selenium WebDriver: Used for complex automation scripts and supports multiple languages.
• Selenium IDE: A beginner-friendly tool for recording and playback of test cases.

Use the sendKeys() method to upload files by passing the file path to the input element with the type="file" attribute.

Use the getScreenshotAs() method to take screenshots during test execution. Screenshots can help debug issues.

Dropdowns can be handled using the Select class in Selenium. Methods like selectByVisibleText() and selectByIndex() are commonly used.

Selenium is an open-source automation testing tool used to automate web applications. It supports multiple programming languages such as Java, Python, and C#, and works across different browsers like Chrome, Firefox, and Safari.

Use Selenium Grid for distributed testing or configure TestNG to execute multiple test cases simultaneously.

Locators are strategies used to identify elements on a web page. Common locators include:

• ID
• Name
• XPath
• CSS Selector
• Class Name

Key advantages include:

• Open-source and free.
• Supports multiple browsers and operating systems.
• Integration with CI/CD tools like Jenkins.
• Flexible to use with different programming languages.

Dynamic elements can be handled using:

• XPath with dynamic attributes.
• CSS Selectors.
• Explicit waits to locate elements after they load dynamically.

Selenium Grid enables parallel test execution on multiple machines and browsers. It uses a hub-node architecture, where the hub distributes test cases to connected nodes.

• Implicit Waits: Define a maximum wait time globally for element loading.
• Explicit Waits: Wait for specific conditions to be met before proceeding.

Selenium WebDriver communicates with the browser using browser-specific drivers. It sends commands to the browser through HTTP requests and executes user actions like clicks and navigation.

Selenium cannot directly handle captchas, but you can use third-party tools or services like reCAPTCHA solvers for automation.

Yes, Selenium integrates well with tools like:

• Jenkins for CI/CD pipelines.
• TestNG and JUnit for test management.
• Allure for reporting.

Selenium supports popular languages such as:

• Java
• Python
• C#
• Ruby
• JavaScript

Use the JavascriptExecutor interface to run JavaScript code for tasks like scrolling, interacting with hidden elements, or fetching data.

The Page Object Model (POM) is a design pattern that separates web elements and test scripts. It enhances code reusability and maintainability.

Selenium WebDriver provides the switchTo().alert() method to handle alerts. You can accept, dismiss, or retrieve alert text using this method.

Debugging involves:

• Checking logs for error messages.
• Using breakpoints for step-by-step execution.
• Reproducing the issue manually.

Selenium itself doesn’t support mobile testing, but it can be combined with Appium to automate mobile applications on both iOS and Android.

navigate() allows browser back, forward, and refresh operations during test execution.

Selenium supports Java, C#, Python, Ruby, JavaScript, and Kotlin for writing test scripts.

Use TakesScreenshot interface to capture and save screenshots of web pages.

TestNG is a testing framework that supports annotations, grouping, prioritization, and parallel execution.

Use TestNG with parallel attribute in XML to execute tests concurrently.

IDE is record-playback tool; WebDriver provides programming interface for advanced browser automation.

Explicit wait waits for a specific condition to occur before proceeding further in code.

POM is a design pattern that enhances test maintenance and reduces code duplication.

Use Actions class with moveToElement() to simulate mouse hover actions.

Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge, and Internet Explorer are supported by WebDriver for automation.

Use WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(); to launch Chrome browser instance.

Use getWindowHandles() and switchTo().window() to switch between multiple browser windows.

Use explicit waits to handle AJAX-based elements that load dynamically after page load.

Implicit wait tells WebDriver to wait for a defined time before throwing NoSuchElementException.

XPath is a locator strategy used to navigate through elements and attributes in XML.

Use driver.switchTo().frame() to move between HTML frames or iframes in webpage.

Selenium Grid runs tests on multiple machines/browsers in parallel using Hub and Node architecture.

Use Select class to choose dropdown values by index, visible text, or value.

findElement() returns single element; findElements() returns list of matching web elements.

Use driver.switchTo().alert() to handle JavaScript alerts and pop-ups in test.