Companion objects hold static members, like Java’s static methods, in Kotlin classes.

A concise way to define anonymous functions using { parameters -> body } syntax.

Returns default value if expression on the left is null.

Kotlin prevents null pointer exceptions using nullable (?) and non-null (!!) type syntax.

Inline functions reduce overhead by inserting function code directly at call site.

JetBrains, the makers of IntelliJ IDEA, developed Kotlin and released it in 2011.

Allows non-null variables to be initialized after declaration (used with var only).

val is immutable (read-only), var is mutable (can change value).

Compiler automatically determines variable types, reducing boilerplate code.

A data class automatically provides equals(), hashCode(), toString(), and copy() methods.

A function that takes functions as parameters or returns them.

Kotlin is a modern, statically typed language that runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

They add new methods to existing classes without modifying their source code.

It allows unpacking data class properties into separate variables.

== checks value equality; === checks reference (memory) equality.

apply is a scope function to configure an object and return it.

A class that restricts subclassing, useful for representing restricted class hierarchies.

Coroutines enable asynchronous programming by suspending and resuming tasks efficiently.

Functions can define default values for parameters, avoiding overloads.

Kotlin offers concise syntax, null safety, and modern features not found in Java.

Kotlin automatically casts variables to appropriate types after type checks.

Use the object keyword to create a singleton.

Calls a method only if the object is non-null.

Yes, Kotlin supports backend development using frameworks like Ktor and Spring Boot.

Data structures like List, Set, and Map, supporting functional operations.